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80,000 Employment: ? 2-4 million Capacity: a few thousand tonnes p.a. to >100,000 tonnes p.a. Gross output >600 mmt, 50% of national Ownership: mainly collective, plus private and various SOES Many illegal and  irrational mines Low technological levels3Township and village coal mines- benefits and costs44(Benefits National energy needs Local energy needs Employment Local development Ease pressure on transport system Exploit remnant/marginal deposits SHORT TERMB ZZ Z  Costs Waste of resources (10-20% recovery) Environmental damage: land, water, air Health and safety: fatalities 7 per mmt LONG TERM Distortion of markets SHORT TERM vZtZ ZZ Zz  ,Legal, institutional and political obstacles--(Multiple licence requirement Multiple sources of regulations Rule of law is subordinate to bureaucratic discretion Complex and multi-tiered institutional structure Competition between agencies, little cooperation Tension between different levels of government Conflicts of interest at local level Overall failure to direct government resources and attention as long as energy needs were growing TPPP)c$ The closure campaign 1998-2001(Aims: Protect major state-owned coal mines Improve management of township & village mines Targets: Reduce total output by 400 mmt (from 1400 mmt peak to 1000 mmt) mainly from township & village mines Close 50,000-60,000 illegal and irrational mines TT T   (Closure campaign: impact and assessment))(Official account: targets achieved If valid: Two million lost jobs 1 bn of lost revenues to local governments No systematic compensation or schemes to promote alternative livelihoods But enforcement was variable and false reporting rife Actual reduction probably 200 mmt not 400 mmt  Alternative livelihoods dependent on local government and local situation -ZZZZZZ-     The OutlookCoal output set to continue rising (total and TVCM) Laws and regulations- change? 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80,000 Employment: ? 2-4 million Capacity: a few thousand tonnes p.a. to >100,000 tonnes p.a  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~. Gross output >600 mmt, 50% of national Ownership: mainly collective, plus private and various SOES Many illegal and  irrational mines Low technological levels3Township and village coal mines- benefits and costs44(Benefits National energy needs Local energy needs Employment Local development Ease pressure on transport system Exploit remnant/marginal deposits SHORT TERMB ZZ Z  Costs Waste of resources (10-20% recovery) Environmental damage: land, water, air Health and safety: fatalities 7 per mmt LONG TERM Distortion of markets SHORT TERM vZtZ ZZ Zz PowerPoint Document(ADocumentSummaryInformation8Root EntrydO)<PicturesCurrent User,SummaryInformation($U _useruser ՜.+,0    ROn-screen ShowCEPMLPef A ArialTimes New RomanDefault DesignMicrosoft Office Excel ChartEChallenges in the Regulation of Sm ,Legal, institutional and political obstacles--(Multiple licence requirement Multiple sources of regulations Rule of law is subordinate to bureaucratic discretion Complex and multi-tiered institutional structure Competition between agencies, little cooperation Tension between different levels of government Conflicts of interest at local level Overall failure to direct government resources and attention at the problems as long as energy needs were growing TPPP)s$ The closure campaign 1998-2001(V Background Static/falling energy demand (Asian crisis) Massive oversupply of coal in China Aims: Protect major state-owned coal mines Improve management of township & village mines Targets: Reduce total output by 400 mmt (from 1400 mmt peak to 1000 mmt) mainly from township & village mines Close 50,000-60,000 illegal and irrational mines  ZPZZTZ ZZ PT     (Closure campaign: impact and assessment))(Official account: targets achieved If valid: Two million lost jobs 1 bn of lost revenues to local governments No systematic compensation or schemes to promote alternative livelihoods But enforcement was variable and false reporting rife Actual reduction probably 200 mmt not 400 mmt  Alternative livelihoods dependent on local government and local situation -ZZZZZZ-     The OutlookCoal output set to continue rising (total and TVCM) Laws and regulations- change? Institutions - change? Political tensions, conflicts of interest - change? Sustainable SSM? (r  b   @r (  x  c $A't  #   <|CA w)     0dEM}  :Policy 2   0\J2        0Kw  SRaw material Poverty reduction* 2    0P&0  Y%Technology Skills Information Finance& 2&   0S`jCf  `.Regulations* Institutions* Politics* Education// XB  @ 0DԔgM 2XB  0DԔ XB  0DԔ0 0   <ZL3 Why?  <]  What?  <aQ 5 p How?  <  KAlternative livelihoods  <$f j~ l HSustainable SSMXB @ 0Do * XB  0Do gf XB @ 0DoV  f XB  0DԔ ] ] f H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.H & b JBP(    c $š `  "p`Ppx  c $Út     <|A w)   H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.H & b 4,0D(  D~ D s *F#)}  # r D S F# ` #  D <H#A w)   H D 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.H & b 4, (   x  c $Y#* # x  c $Y#t  #   <d[#A w)   H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.H &r$g r  ? Cfall-scale Mines: the case of ChinaWhy are SSMs on the agenda?The policy challenge2The Case of China Township and village coal minesSlide 5;Township and village coal mines- key features in mid 1990s4Township and village coal mines- benefits and costs-Legal, institutional and political obstaclesThe closure campaign 1998-2001 Slide 10)Closure campaign: impact and assessment Slide 12 The Outlook  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles